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American footballAmerican football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football[1], is a competitive team sport known for its physical roughness despite being a highly strategic game. The object of the game is to score points by advancing the oval shaped ball into the opposing team's end zone. The ball can be advanced by carrying it (a running play) or by throwing it to a teammate (a passing play). Points can be scored in a variety of ways, including carrying the ball over the goal line, throwing the ball to another player past the goal line or kicking it through the goal posts on the opposing side.Costa Rica tourism The winner is the team with the most points when the time expires and the last play ends. In the United States and Canada, it is played collegiately and professionally.
Outside the United States and Canada, the sport is referred to as American football (or a translation thereof) to differentiate it from other football games. In Australia and New Zealand the game is known as Gridiron, although in America the word "gridiron" refers only Popularity A Colorado State University player carries the ball as an Air Force Academy player lines up a tackle.The Gallup Poll has shown football to be the United States's favorite sport every year since 1972, when football first overtook baseball in popularity. The percentage of Americans who say football is their favorite sport to watch (43%) is higher now than at any other time. Football's American TV viewership ratings far surpass those of other sports.[2] The day of the National Football League championship, the Super Bowl, is one of the biggest occasions for social gatherings in the U.S. and is sometimes referred to as an unofficial national holiday.[3]
There have been numerous professional football leagues in the United States, each contributing to a lesser or greater degree to the modern game before they disbanded or merged with other leagues. The most notable of these was the American Football League (AFL 1960 - 1969). The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is curently the only major professional American football league.
College football is also popular throughout North America. Four college football stadiums, The University of Michigan's Michigan Stadium, Penn State's Beaver Stadium, The University of Tennessee's Neyland Stadium and Ohio State's Ohio Stadium, seat more than 100,000 fans and almost always sell out. Even high school football games can attract more than 10,000 people in some areas. The weekly autumn ritual of college and high-school football—which includes marching bands, cheerleaders, homecoming, and parties (including the ubiquitous tailgate party)—is an important part of the culture in much of smalltown America. Football is generally the major source of revenue to the athletic programs of schools, public and private, in the United States. Some private Christian High Schools even play for 'national championships' with groups like the Federated Christian Athletic Association (FCAA).
It is a long-standing tradition in the United States (though not universally observed) that high school football games are played on Friday night, college games on Saturday, and professional games on Sunday, with one NFL game played on Monday night. In recent years, however, nationally televised Thursday night college games have become a weekly fixture on ESPN.
Certain fall and winter holidays—most notably Thanksgiving and New Year's Day—have traditional football games associated with them.
Football is played recreationally by amateur and youth teams (e.g., the Pop Warner little-league programs). There are also many "semi-pro" teams in leagues where the players are paid to play but at a small enough salary that they generally must also hold a full-time job.
Organized football is played almost exclusively by men and boys, although a few amateur and semi-professional women's leagues have begun play in recent years.
Outside the United StatesThe NFL operated a developmental league, NFL Europa, with teams in five German cities and one in the Netherlands, but this league folded following the 2007 season. The professional Canadian Football League and collegiate Canadian Interuniversity Sport play under Canadian rules. The sport is popular as an amateur activity in Mexico and American Samoa and to a lesser extent in Japan, Europe, Korea, The Bahamas, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Australia (Gridiron Australia), Israel and the United Kingdom (BAFL).[citation needed] The International Federation of American Football is the governing body for American football with 45 member associations from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The IFAF also oversees the American Football World Cup, which is held every four years. Japan won the first two World Cups, held in 1999 and 2003. Team USA, which had not participated in the previous World Cups, won the title in 2007. Despite this, the game has been slow to catch on in most countries.
Outside the United StatesThe NFL operated a developmental league, NFL Europa, with teams in five German cities and one in the Netherlands, but this league folded following the 2007 season. The professional Canadian Football League and collegiate Canadian Interuniversity Sport play under Canadian rules. The sport is popular as an amateur activity in Mexico and American Samoa and to a lesser extent in Japan, Europe, Korea, The Bahamas, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Australia (Gridiron Australia), Israel and the United Kingdom (BAFL).[citation needed] The International Federation of American Football is the governing body for American football with 45 member associations from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The IFAF also oversees the American Football World Cup, which is held every four years. Japan won the first two World Cups, held in 1999 and 2003. Team USA, which had not participated in the previous World Cups, won the title in 2007. Despite this, the game has been slow to catch on in most countries.
Field and playersAmerican football is played on a field 120 yards (109.7 m) long by 160 feet (48.8 m) wide. The longer boundary lines are sidelines, while the shorter boundary lines are end lines. Near each end of the field is a goal line; they are 100 yards (91.4 m) apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards (9.1 m) beyond each goal line to each end line.
Yard lines cross the field every 5 yards, and are numbered from each goal line to the 50-yard line, or midfield (similar to a typical rugby league field). Two rows of lines, known as inbounds lines or hash marks, parallel the side lines near the middle of the field. All plays start with the ball on or between the hash marks.
At the back of each end zone are two goal posts (also called uprights) that are 18.5 feet (5.6 m) apart (24 feet (7.3 m) in high school). The posts are connected by a crossbar 10 feet (305 cm) from the ground.
Each team has 11 players on the field at a time. However, teams may substitute for any or all of their players, if time allows, during the break between plays. As a result, players have very specialized roles, and almost all of the 46 active players on an NFL team will play in any given game. Thus, teams are divided into three separate units: the offense, the defense and the special teams.
Game durationA standard football game consists of four 15-minute (typically 12 minutes in high-school football) quarters, with a half-time intermission after the second quarter. The clock stops after certain plays; therefore, a game can last considerably longer (often more than three hours in real time), and if a game is broadcast on television, TV timeouts are taken at certain intervals of the game to broadcast commercials outside of game action. If an NFL game is tied after four quarters, the teams play an additional period lasting up to 15 minutes. In an NFL overtime game, the first team that scores wins, even if the other team does not get a possession; this is referred to as sudden death. In a regular-season NFL game, if neither team scores in overtime, the game is a tie. In an NFL playoff game, additional overtime periods are played, as needed, to determine a winner. College overtime rules are more complicated and are described in Overtime (sport).
Advancing the ballAdvancing the ball in American football resembles the six-tackle rule and the play-the-ball in rugby league. The team that takes possession of the ball (the offense) has four attempts, called downs, to advance the ball 10 yards towards their opponent's (the defense's) end zone. When the offense gains 10 yards, it gets a first down, which means the team has another set of four downs to gain yet another 10 yards or score with. If the offense fails to gain a first down (10 yards) after 4 downs, the other team gets possession of the ball.
Except at the beginning of halves and after scores, the ball is always put into play by a snap. Offensive players line up facing defensive players at the line of scrimmage (the position on the field where the play begins). One offensive player, the center, then passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to a teammate, usually the quarterback.
A quarterback searching for opportunity to throw a pass A running back being tackled when he tries to run with the ballPlayers can then advance the ball in two ways:
By running with the ball, also known as rushing. One ball-carrier can hand the ball to another player or throw backwards to another player. These are known as as a handoff and a lateral respectively. By throwing the ball to a teammate, known as a forward pass or as passing the football. The forward pass is a key factor distinguishing American and Canadian football from other football sports. The offense can throw the ball forward only once on a play, only from behind the line of scrimmage and only before crossing the line of scrimmage. The ball can be thrown, pitched, handed-off, or tossed sideways or backwards at any time. A down ends, and the ball becomes dead, after any of the following:
The player with the ball is forced to the ground (tackled) or has his forward progress halted by members of the other team (as determined by an official). A forward pass flies out of bounds or touches the ground before it is caught. This is known as an incomplete pass. The ball is returned to the most recent line of scrimmage for the next down. The ball or the player with the ball goes beyond the dimensions of the field (out of bounds). A team scores. Officials blow a whistle to notify players that the down is over.
Before each down, each team chooses a play, or coordinated movements and actions, that the players should follow on a down. Sometimes, downs themselves are referred to as "plays."
Change of possessionThe offense maintains possession of the ball unless one of the following things occur:
The team fails to get a first down— i.e., in four downs they fail to move the ball past a line 10 yards ahead of where they got their last first down (it is possible to be downed behind the current line of scrimmage, "losing yardage"). The defensive team takes over the ball at the spot where the 4th-down play ends. A change of possession in this manner is commonly called a turnover on downs. The offense scores a touchdown or field goal. The team that scored then kicks the ball to the other team in a special play called a kickoff. The offense punts the ball to the defense. A punt is a kick in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground. Punts are nearly always made on fourth down, when the offensive team does not want to risk giving up the ball to the other team at its current spot on the field (through a failed attempt to make a first down) and feels it is too far from the other team's goal posts to attempt a field goal. A defensive player catches a forward pass. This is called an interception, and the player who makes the interception can run with the ball until he is tackled, forced out of bounds, or scores. An offensive player drops the ball (a fumble) and a defensive player picks it up. As with interceptions, a player "recovering" a fumble can run with the ball until tackled or forced out of bounds. Lateral passes that are not caught or caught by a defensive player are considered fumbles. Lost fumbles and interceptions are together known as turnovers. The offensive team misses a field goal attempt. The defensive team gets the ball at the spot where the previous play began (or, in the NFL, at the spot of the kick). If the unsuccessful kick was attempted from within 20 yards of the end zone, the other team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line (that is, 20 yards from the end zone). In his own end zone, an offensive ballcarrier is tackled, forced out of bounds or loses the ball out of bounds, or the offense commits certain penalties. This fairly rare occurrence is called a safety. An offensive ballcarrier fumbles the ball forward into the end zone, and then the ball goes out of bounds. This extremely rare occurrence leads to a touchback, with the ball going over to the opposing team at their 20 yard line. (Note that touchbacks during non-offensive special teams plays, such as punts and kickoffs, are quite common) ScoringA team scores points by the following plays:
A touchdown (TD) is worth 6 points. It is scored when a player runs the ball into or catches a pass in his opponent's end zone. A touchdown is analogous to a try in rugby with the major difference being that a try requires the player to place the ball on the ground. After a touchdown, the scoring team attempts a conversion (which is also analogous to the conversion in rugby). The ball is placed at the other team's 3-yard line (the 2-yard line in the NFL). The team can attempt to kick it over the crossbar and through the goal posts in the manner of a field goal for 1 point (an extra point or point after touchdown (PAT)), or run or pass it into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown for 2 points (a two-point conversion). In college football, if the defense intercepts or recovers a fumble during a two point conversion attempt and returns it to the opposing end zone, the defensive team is awarded the two points. A field goal (FG) is worth 3 points, and it is scored by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts. Field goals may be placekicked (kicked when the ball is held vertically against the ground by a teammate) or drop-kicked (extremely uncommon in the modern game, with only two successes in the last 60 years). A field goal is usually attempted on fourth down instead of a punt when the ball is close to the opponent's goal line, or, when there is little or no time left to otherwise score. A safety, worth 2 points,Costa Rica real estate is scored by the defense when a ball-carrier is tackled in his own end zone. Safeties are also awarded if the offense fumbles the ball out-of-bounds in the end zone, has a kick blocked out of the end zone or commits certain penalties in the end zone. Safeties are relatively rare.

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In 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formally organized to begin play in fall of 1920. The original teams were:

Canton Bulldogs
Cleveland Tigers
Dayton Triangles
Akron Professionals
Rochester (N.Y.) Jeffersons
Rock Island Independents
Muncie Flyers
Decatur Staleys
Chicago Cardinals
Hammond Pros
The Buffalo All-Americans, Chicago Tigers, Columbus Panhandles and Detroit Heralds also joined the league prior to the 1920 season. The Chicago Tigers fold between the 1920 and 1921 seasons. In 1921 the league is reorganized, the Decatur team moving to Chicago and a number of new teams added. Teams that joined the APFA for the 1921 season were:

Green Bay Packers
Cincinnati Celts (played 1921 season only)
Minneapolis Marines
Evansville Crimson Giants
Tonawanda Kardex (AKA Lumbermen - played 1921 season only)
Washington Senators (played 1921 season only)
New York Brickleys Giants (played 1921 season only)
Louisville Brecks
Teams that folded between 1921 and 1922 seasons:
New York Brickleys Giants
Washington Senators
Tonawanda Kardex
Cleveland Tigers
Muncie Flyers
Cincinnati Celts
Detroit Heralds
In 1922 the APFA revises its name to the National Football League and the Chicago Staleys change their name to the Chicago Bears Teams that joined the NFL for the 1922 season were:
Milwaukee Badgers
Marion Oorang Indians
Racine Legion
Toledo Maroons
Teams that folded between the 1922 and 1923 seasons:
Columbus Panhandles
Evansville Crimson Giants
In 1923 the team rotation continued with
Columbus Tigers
Duluth Kelleys
St. Louis All-Stars (played only the 1923 season)
Cleveland Indians (played only the 1923 season)
joining the league and

Canton Bulldogs
Cleveland Indians
Louisville Brecks
Marion Oorang Indians
Racine Legion
St. Louis All-Stars
Toledo Maroons
leaving. In 1924 the Buffalo All-Americans changed their name to Buffalo Bisons and the following teams joined the league:

Cleveland Bulldogs
Frankford Yellow Jackets
Kansas City Blues
Kenosha Maroons (play 1924 season only)
Teams that folded between the 1924 and 1925 seasons:
Kenosha Maroons
Minneapolis Marines
Columbus Tigers
In 1925 the Kansas City Blues changed their name to the Kansas City Cowboys, the Canton Bulldogs re-entered the NFL after an inactive 1924 season, the Rock Island Independents leave the NFL for the rival AFL at end of the season and the Racine Legion goes inactive for 1925 season.

Teams that joined the NFL for the 1925 season:

New York Giants
Providence Steam Roller
Pottsville Maroons
Detroit Panthers
Teams that folded between the 1925 and 1926 seasons:
Cleveland Bulldogs
Rochester Jeffersons
In 1926 the Buffalo Bisons change their name to the Buffalo Rangers and the following teams joined the league:

Hartford Blues
Brooklyn Lions
Los Angeles Buccaneers
The Akron Pros change their name to the Akron Indians
The Racine Tornadoes (formerly the Racine Legion) re-enter the NFL
The Duluth Kelleys become the Duluth Eskimos
The Louisville Colonels (formerly the Louisville Brecks) re-enter the NFL as a road team out of Chicago
Teams that folded between the 1926 and 1927 seasons:
Kansas City Cowboys
Los Angeles Buccaneers
Buffalo Rangers
Detroit Panthers
Hartford Blues
Brooklyn Lions
Milwaukee Badgers
Akron Indians
Racine Tornadoes
Columbus Tigers
Canton Bulldogs
Hammond Pros
Louisville Colonels

In 1927 the teams that joined the NFL for the 1927 season:
Cleveland Bulldogs (playeded only the 1927 season)
New York Yankees
Teams that folded between the 1927 and 1928 seasons:
Buffalo Bison
Cleveland Bulldogs
Duluth Eskimos

In 1928 the Detroit Wolverines are granted an NFL franchise but play only the 1928 season and the New York Yankees fold at end of the season. In 1929 teams that joined the NFL:
Buffalo Bisons (played 1929 season only)
Minneapolis Red Jackets
Staten Island Stapletons
Orange Tornadoes
Boston Bulldogs (played only 1929 season)
Teams that fold between the 1929 and 1930 seasons:
Dayton Triangles
Buffalo Bisons
Boston Bulldogs
In 1930 teams that join the NFL:
Portsmouth Spartans
Brooklyn Dodgers
The Orange Tornadoes change their name to the Newark Tornadoes
Teams that fold between the 1930 and 1931 seasons:
Minneapolis Red Jackets
Newark Tornadoes
In 1931 the Cleveland Indians join the NFL (played 1931 season only) and the following teams folded:
Cleveland Indians
Providence Steam Roller
In 1932 the Frankford Yellow Jackets disband, the Boston Braves joined the NFL and the Staten Island Stapletons folded after the 1932 season. In 1933 the Boston Braves changed their name to the Boston Redskins and the following teams joined the league:
Pittsburgh Pirates
Cincinnati Reds
Philadelphia Eagles
In 1934 the NFL splits into two divisions, the Portsmouth Spartans moved to Detroit and are renamed the Detroit Lions. The Cincinnati Reds are allowed to move to St. Louis and became the St. Louis Gunners, folding after 1934 season

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