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learn how patterns of survivorship and fecundity may be adapted to different aspects of environmental variability/stability as described by r-K selection and bet hedging. Learn to consider phenotypic plasticity as an alternative explanation of variation in life histories among species
The Lecture: The patterns of survivorship and mortality we have described using life tables are likely to have evolved through natural selection. Remember that natural selection results in adaptation, the evolution of characteristics that lead to high survival and reproduction in the environment of a species. To understand why species differ in life history, the schedule of survivorship and fecundity, we will consider how different aspects of life history may have evolved in different environmental conditions.
We might intitially expect that, to maximize the number of offspring they leave, organisms should produce offspring often, produce many offspring at at time, and live forever. Obviously, they don't, because organisms have a finite amount of energy.
We can think of life as requiring energy for three basic functions: maintenance, growth, and reproduction. Energy allocated to one of these functions is not available for others. Thus, putting energy into growth, which may enhance survival, will decrease the energy available for reproduction, and vice versa. Similarly, when we consider reproducing, we can note that putting energy into making many offspring will take energy away from the size of each offspring -- organisms can typically produce a few large offspring or many small offspring, but giving that there is not inifinte energy will not be able to produce many large offspring.
One set of life history theories considers species to fall into one of two categories: r-selected or K-selected (the overall model is called r-K selection.) The terms r and K come from logistic growth: r refers to the per capita rate of population increase and K refers to the carrying capacity. Here's how they apply to life history evolution:
Some species will occur in environments that have some kind of unpredictable disturbance, from a factor such as weather, causing unpredictable adult mortalities. Such species will rarely have populations grow to carrying capacity, because disturbance will decrease population size regularly. Such species are predicted by r-K selection to evolve traits that result in rapid reproduction, and give a high value of the maximum instantaneous per capita population growth rate rm. Such species are termed r-selected.
Other species will occur in constant environments, and will grow to the carrying capacity (K.) At carrying capacity, there is a high level of intraspecific competition for resources. Species in such conditions are predicted to evolve traits that result in high competitive ability of adults and offspring, and are termed K-selected.
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