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The card game Poker lands in the genre of vying games. This means that players bet on who they believe has the best hand. In the case of poker, they essentially bet on themselves. In vying games, each iteration lasts until there is only one player left or until the rounds of betting are over, at which point the remaining players compare hands with the winner taking all the money.
The history and development of poker is a matter of debate. Even the names itself has several origins. It is most likely that it originated from the French ‘poque’, which in turn came from the German ‘pochen’ – to knock. Whilst these may be the origins of the name, it is unsure whether the Poker comes from the corresponding games.
As far as game-play goes, it closely resembles the Persian game on ‘nas’ and is believed to have passed to French settlers in New Orleans from Persian sailors. It is also alleged to share ancestors with the Renaissance games of ‘primero’ and the French ‘brelan’ although the rules of these games are not well known. Perhaps the largest step towards modern poker was the English game of ‘brag’, clearly coming from ‘brelan’ and was based around bluffing, yet all of these games contributed to the modern game.
Both Joseph Cromwell (in 1829) and Jonathan H. Green (in 1834) wrote that they believed the game was spreading on Mississippi riverboats where the only past time was gambling. They both say that the game played involved 20 cards (A K Q J T) and four people who would bet on who they believed they thought had the highest hand.
With the help of the river boats, the game known as ‘cheating’ spread rapidly, and soon after its general spread, the full 52 card English pack was introduced. With the extra cards, the flush was also introduced. The extra cards also meant that more people could play in a game, raising the pots in even small staked games.
When the Gold Rush began in 1847, California was introduced to a new card game. The influx of men wishing to get rich quick led to the inevitable development of casinos and poker houses in Northern California. They employed musicians and beautiful scantily clad women (not always prostitutes) to entertain the gamblers.
From a state that was used to high speed games in casinos where all your money can be lost and re-won in moments, such as roulette or blackjack, Poker was not at instant a popular game, especially as five card stud and draw are particularly slow paced games. But the population quickly grew to the more highly skilled game.
If only through his only claim, the introduction of Poker to British society was by General Schenck, the American ambassador to Britain in 1872. Whilst he claims to have been the man to bring poker to Britain, George Orwell is quoted in her husbands biography (1885) - ‘one night, we attempted to play “Brag” or “Pocher”’.
When the American Civil War broke out the game split into many variations including the still popular draw poker and stud poker; it was then that the straight was introduced too. In around 1875, the wild card was introduced and the early 20th century brought lowball, split-pot poker and community card poker in 1925. The US military is widely believed to have spread the game to Asia.