lines on football

lines on football

Professional and large school American football team play has evolved from a single team with all players except limited substitutions playing the entire game, to a specialized "platoon" system consisting of three separate units (offensive, defensive, and "special teams" used for kicking and punting) with only one of the three being on the field at a time. That is to say that in Professional American football, the majority of players only play in one specialization (or "one side of the ball") -- however, every player is eligible to play in any specialization. In the majority of club and schoolhouse American Football the majority of players play both offense and defense only being substituted for injury. Substitutes in American football can return to the game at any stoppage in play. In rugby union, any player substituted off for any reason except for minor bleeding is not allowed to return to the game (with the possible exception of front-row forwards). Players who are verified as bleeding by an independent medical official are sent to the "blood bin," where they can receive medical treatment, and replaced until they have stopped bleeding. Ejected players in American football can be replaced with a substitute, while in Rugby Union ejection means the team must play a man down the remainder of the game.
A rugby union game is divided into two halves of 40 minutes (or shorter for lower grade games) separated by a 10 minute half time period. Time is also added on to each half at the referee's discretion to make up for time lost to treatment of injuries, etc (although some matches, notably those in the Rugby World Cup, prefer to stop the clock for treatment of injuries instead). This additional time usually amounts to less than 5 minutes. In contrast American football matches are made up of four quarters of 15 minutes each, but the clock stops and starts according to specific rules, so that the 15 minutes quarter lasts slightly longer. In the professional (televised) version of this sport the game is often paused for the airing of commercials and advertisements; this does not occur outside of the televised environment where breaks in play are comparable to those in rugby union. In addition to this, the half time break is typically 12- to 15-minutes; this intermission allows for resetting of strategy and adjusting to the opponents schemes, during the period entertainment to be played for the crowd, ranging from marching band performances in high school and college games to big-name entertainment (e.g. U2 and Prince) for the Super Bowl. The typical game in a non-televised environment lasts for around 120 minutes..
In both sports, the essence of the game is to carry the ball over the opponents goal line. In both sports the ball may be passed sideways or backwards an unlimited number of times, but in American football the ball may be passed forward as long as the passer is behind the line of scrimmage, as opposed to rugby union where the ball cannot be passed forward.
In American football, "play" is stopped when a player is ruled down or out of bounds, whereas the play in rugby union continues until a player or the ball goes out of bounds, a player/team commits a foul or a player scores. Net stoppages when including throw ins and kick exchange are comparable at all but the highest (televised) levels.
The forward pass and the stoppage when a player is grounded results in short plays and a generally staccato game play in American football, as opposed to the longer and more fluid passages of play found in rugby union.
In rugby, kicking during the flow of the game is done for tactical reasons (both offensive and defensive); if the ball is recovered by the kicking team, it can lead to significant improvement in field possession. In American football, a team that kicks the ball during play automatically gives up possession and cannot recover the ball unless an error in catching the ball (aka "muff") is made by the receiving team; because of this, punting is typically done only when teams do not expect to be able to retain possession (i.e. on fourth down). Additionally, rule changes made in the early 20th Century mandated that field goals cannot be made in front of the line of scrimmage; this has led to the demise of the drop-kick field goal in American football.
Various forms of football have been played in Britain for centuries with different villages and schools having their own traditional rules. Rugby-like games were first introduced in the United States by British soldiers and colonists in the mid-1800s. However at that time a standard set of rules did not exist and teams would negotiate the rules before playing a game.
The Football Association was formed in England in October 1863. Differences of opinion about the proposed laws led to the formation of the first governing body for rugby in 1871 the Rugby Football Union. Laws were drawn up for rugby football which was now distinct from Association football (soccer).
In 1872 rugby clubs were established in the San Francisco Bay Area, which were mainly comprised of British expatriates. The first recorded rugby match in the United States occurred on May 14, 1874 between Harvard University and McGill University.
In 1876, Yale, Harvard, Princeton, and Columbia formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, a competition based on the traditional rules of rugby. The sport of American football evolved from these intercollegiate games (see History of American football).
Back in England, a schism developed between those who favoured strict amateurism and those who felt that players should be compensated for time taken off work to play rugby. In 1895, this resulted in the formation of a break-away governing body, the Northern Union.
The Northern Union began to make changes to the laws of rugby in 1906, which resulted in the sport of rugby league. The Rugby Football Union's version of rugby became as known as rugby union after its governing body.
Although both codes are played on similar sized rectangular fields, the dimensions of rugby union fields can vary up to maximum size that is larger than the fixed sized of American football fields. Rugby union field are limited to a maximum length of 144 m long (and 100 m between goal lines) and width of 70 m, while American football fields have a fixed length of 120 yd (110 m) long and width of 160 ft (48.8 m). Both sets of measurements include scoring zones at each and, fixed to 10 yd and called an end zone in American football, but of unspecified length in rugby union.
The border between the regular field of play and a scoring zone is called the goal line (or usually a try line in rugby union). The outer perimeters of both fields are demarcated with sidelines (ends of rugby union field border the scoring zone being called dead ball lines and longitudinal sides touch lines). The central playing field of rugby is divided into halves by a halfway line, however when the American football field was shortened the centre line was replaced by the 50 yard line which is simply referred to as the 50 yard line or midfield.
Additional lines differ markedly with American football fields marked at every 5 yard interval, whereas rugby union fields only have two further solid lines called the 22 metre lines and four broken lines each halving a half (resulting in four quarters and being translated as "quarter lines" in some languages). The dotted lines are made of two 10 metre lines on each side of the halfway line and two 5 metre lines before each goal line. Rugby union fields also have another set of dotted 5 metre lines.
The yard lines in American football are vitally important during game play, because a team's advance is measured against these lines, which in turn determines ball possession, whereas the halfway, 22 and 10 yards lines only determine the position of players during various rugby union kick-offs (which could be from the halfway line or 22s) or line-out in the case of the broken line 5 yd from the side lines.
Both codes also have goalposts at either on end of the field on the goal line in the case of rugby union, but further back in American football on the back of the end zone (in Canadian Football at the goal line). Each American football goalpost consists of two vertical posts 18.5 feet apart (24 feet in high school) connected with a crossbar. This "U" shape is then mounted on single (usually) post raising it 10 ft off the ground (resulting in a combined "Y" shape of sorts). Rugby union differs in that vertical goal posts extend to the ground creating an "H" shape although only kicks passing through the "U" shaped area above the crossbar score points. The scoring areas of both goal posts are almost identical with the rugby union crossbar height specified as 3 m (9.8 ft) and the goal posts being 5.6 m (18.3 ft) apart.

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