horse racing wagering
Horse racing in Australia is administered by the Australian Racing Board, with each state's Principal Racing Authority agreeing to abide by, and to enforce, the Australian Rules of Racing.
Tambo Valley Picnic Races, Victoria 2006Thoroughbred horse racing is the third most attended spectator sport in Australia, behind Australian rules football and rugby league, with almost 2 million admissions to the 379 racecourses throughout Australia in 2002-2003. Besides being a spectator sport, horse racing is also an industry, which provides full- or part-time employment for almost 250,000 people, the equivalent of 77,000 jobs. About 300,000 people have a direct interest as owners, or members of syndicates in the 31,000 horses in training in Australia [1].
Public interest in thoroughbred racing, especially during the main Spring and Autumn racing carnivals, has been growing in recent years with over 100,000 attracted to the running of both the Melbourne Cup and VRC Oaks. The Caulfield Cup and W S Cox Plate are also major attractions.
Throughout its history, horse racing has become part of the Australian culture and has developed a rich and colourful language, as well as providing some of Australia's great sporting icons such as Phar Lap, Tulloch, Bernborough, Kingston Town and Makybe Diva.
Racing in the Australian continent is governed by the Australian Racing Board. This body supersedes the power of the principal clubs, which were once the sovereign body of racing in every state until government reforms introduced separate governing bodies for the industryVictoria is considered to be the home of racing in Australia, with international races like the Melbourne Cup. The governing body is Racing Victoria Limited. The principal club is the Victoria Racing Club, which races at Flemington; the two other metropolitan clubs are the Melbourne Racing Club, which races at Caulfield and Sandown, and the Moonee Valley Racing Club, home of the Weight for Age championship of Australasia, the Cox Plate. The state boasts many top-class provincial and country racecourses including Cranbourne, Mornington, Geelong, Ballarat, Bendigo, Stony Creek, Wangaratta, Warrnambool and Moe.
Racing in New South Wales is governed by the NSW Thoroughbred Racing Board. The principal clubs are the Australian Jockey Club, which races at Royal Randwick and Warwick Farm, the Sydney Turf Club, which races at Rosehill Gardens and Canterbury Park. The state's major provincial tracks are Newcastle and Kembla Grange, which alternate their meetings every second Saturday. Other notable tracks include Hawkesbury, Gosford and Grafton which host's the largest race carnival in Australia outside of a capital cityRacing in South Australia is governed by Thoroughbred Racing S.A. Limited. The principal club is the South Australian Jockey Club, which races at Morphettville, Cheltenham and Victoria Park. Additionally, the Oakbank Racing Club holds an annual carnival with its two meetings on Easter Saturday and Easter Monday.
Racing in Queensland is governed by the Queensland Thoroughbred Racing Board, and the principal clubs are the Queensland Turf Club, which races at Eagle Farm, and the Brisbane Turf Club, which races at Doomben. Outside of Brisbane, meetings are held each Saturday at the Gold Coast and Toowoomba racecourses.
Racing in Western Australia is governed by Racing and Wagering Western Australia, which is a government-owned body. The main racing club, Western Australian Turf Club now known as Perth Racing, holds racing at Belmont Park and Ascot Racecourse. Other popular courses with feature races in Western Australia are Bunbury, Pinjarra, York, Geraldton, Albany, Kalgoorlie and Northam.
The most popular race is the Perth Cup, held each New Year's Day at Ascot. There are three Group 1 races contended, being the Railway Stakes, the Kingston Town Classic, and the WATC Derby.
Racing in Tasmania is governed by the Tasmanian Thoroughbred Racing Council and the principal club is the Tasmanian Turf Club. There are Tasmanian meetings every Sunday usually alternating between Elwick Racecourse near Hobart, Tasman Park near Launceston and Spreyton, Devonport.
There are four main avenues for race betting in Australia. Licensed on-track bookmakers offer fixed-odds betting, mostly on wins and places. Off-track betting was traditionally controlled by the various state government through organisation called "Totalisator Agency Boards" (TAB), which offered mainly parimutuel betting - that is, the odds were not fixed but involved "the house" taking a fixed cut and distributing the remainder amongst people who made a winning bet. Many of these "TABs" have now been privatised, and many pubs now offer betting services linked to the privatised offshoots of the companies. In some parts of Australia there was a tradition of illegal off-course bookmaking, known as SP bookmaking historically involving significant turnover, though it is unclear whether this is still the case. Finally, there is Betfair, a person to person betting exchange, which has recently made inroads into the Australian market.
Australia was the source of one of the major developments in race wagering - the totalisator or tote - an analogue computer which allowed the automatic calculation of race odds given betting patterns.
Harness racing in Australia is administered by Harness Racing Australia (HRA) (formerly known as the Australian Harness Racing Council), with each State’s Principal Racing Authority agreeing to abide by, and to enforce the Australian Harness Racing Rules & Regulations.
Public interest in Harness racing is not especially high in Australia as it takes a back seat to thoroughbred racing. Its main attraction is the night meetings, when thoroughbred racing aren't run. Major metropolitan meetings occur on Friday and Saturday nights right around the country.
Interest in races such as the Miracle Mile, A G Hunter Cup, Victoria Cup and the Inter Dominion is quite healthy though.
Races in Australia are run for both pacers and trotters. Races generally vary from 1609 metres (1 mile) to 2600 metres, although some races are run over longer distances, such as the A G Hunter Cup, but the effort required for such a race doesn't allow weekly racing.
Races can start one of two ways, either from behind a mobile barrier, giving a moving start or behind tapes, giving a standing start.
The mobile barrier is usually a car or ute that has a cabin for the starter and two large arms each side that allow the barrier to cover the entire track, in some cases the mobile can be 10 horses wide. This is the most common start for harness racing in Australia. Both pacers and trotters races are conducted from mobile barriers. The mobile barrier concept was introduced in New South Wales by William (Bill) George Smith, a Sydney Motor Body Builder who had a passion for harness racing. Bill Smith wanted to increase the popularity of harness racing by making the starts more exciting for the viewing public. The concept worked beyond his expectations and mobile barrier starting spread across Australia and to other countries.
Modern Starting gates used in Australia now include Auto start. This innovation allows the starter to concentrate on the actual horses positioning during the "score up".
The modern Starting gates use only a driver for steering the vehicle and a starter in the rear to observe the race and call a false start if required. The start speed, acceleration, score up distance and gate closing are all controlled via a computer system, which takes control of the vehicle and provides a printout at the end of the scoreup.
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